Transforaminal Endoscopy for Lumbar Spine

Part 1. Introduction.- 1. Historical review and current application of transforaminal lumbar endoscopy.- 2. Clinical presentations of the lumbar disc herniation and stenosis.- 3. Radiologic evaluations of the lumbar disc herniation and stenosis.- 4. Anatomical considerations of the lumbar spine for transforaminal access.- 5. Setting of operation room and patient position.- 6. Equipments and instruments for endoscopic spine surgery.- 7. Anesthetic considerations of the transforaminal endoscopy.- 8. Preoperative planning and technical considerations of transforaminal endoscopy.- Part 2, Transforaminal endoscopy for lumbar disc disease.- 1. Paramedian contained disc herniation.- 2. Paramedian migrated disc herniation.- 3. Endoscopic effort to overcome anatomical barriers at L5/S1 level.- 4. Foraminal disc herniation.- 5. Various other disc herniations.- 6. Endoscopic annuloplasty for discogenic back pain.- Part 3. Transforaminal endoscopy for lumbar spinal stenosis.- 1. Lateral recess stenosis.- 2. Foraminal stenosis.- 3. Lumbar foraminal stenosis combined with disc herniation.- Part 4. Complication and its management.- 1. Incomplete removal of herniated disc and recurred disc.- 2. Infection.- 3. Hematoma.- 4. Dural tear.- Part 5. Surgical technique chapter.- Part 6 . General introduction or non-surgical chapter.<div><br></div>