<div><br></div><div><div>Chapter 1 </div><div>Introduction </div><div>Abstract </div><div>1.1 Background 1</div><div>1.2 Problem Statement 2</div><div>1.3 Research Questions 4</div><div>1.4 Research Aims and Objectives 4</div><div>1.5 Rationale for the Study 4</div><div>1.6 The Area for Development 5</div><div>1.7 The Significant of the Study 6</div><div>1.8 Limitation and Scope of Study 7</div><div>1.9 Organization of Chapters 8</div><div>References 9</div><div>Chapter 2 13<br></div><div>An Overview ans Understanding the Building Deterioration 13</div><div>Abstract 13</div><div>2.1 Introduction 13</div><div>2.2 Overview on Defects and Maintenance Management 14</div><div>2.3 Building Stock in Malaysia 16</div><div>2.4 School Building in Malaysia 19</div><div> 2.4.1 Malaysian National Educational Systems 19</div><div> 2.4.2 Categories of Educational Institutions 20</div><div> 2.4.3 Conditions and Performance of School Buildings 21</div><div>2.5 Types of Building Defects 23</div><div>2.6 Common Building Defects and Possible Causes 24</div><div> 2.6.1 Defects in Building 32</div><div> 2.6.1.1 Leakage 32</div> 2.6.1.2 Tilt / Crook 33</div><div> 2.6.1.3 Rust / Corrosion 33</div><div> 2.6.1.4 Spalling 34</div><div> 2.6.1.5 Peel off / Torn/Tattered / Ragged 35</div><div> 2.6.1.6 Mould / Fungi 36</div><div> 2.6.1.7 Decay 36</div><div> 2.6.1.8 Dampness 37</div><div> 2.6.1.9 Sagging 39</div><div> 2.6.1.10 Crack 39</div><div> 2.6.1.11 Clogged 40</div><div>2.7 Impact of Building Defects 41</div><div>References 41</div><div>Chapter 3 46</div><div>Factors Contributing to Building Defects 46</div><div>Abstract 46</div><div>3.1 Introduction 46</div><div>3.2 Defects Factors 46</div><div>3.3 Technical Factors 53</div><div> 3.3.1 Faulty Design 53</div><div> 3.3.2 Poor Detailing 54</div><div> 3.3.3 Faulty Drawing 54</div><div> 3.3.4 Not Complying with Specification 55</div><div> 3.3.5 Structural 55</div><div> 3.3.6 Poor Waterproofing 55</div><div> 3.3.7 Improper use of Material 56</div><div> 3.3.8 Lack of Maintenance 56</div><div> 3.3.9 Poor Construction 57</div><div> 3.3.10 Building Size 57</div><div> 3.3.11 Type of Building 58</div><div> 3.3.12 Building Orientation 58</div><div>3.4 Environmental Factor 59</div><div> 3.4.1 Insect Attack 59</div><div> 3.4.2 Biological Agent Attack 59</div><div> 3.4.3 Changes of Climatic Condition 60</div><div> 3.4.4 Poor Ventilation 60</div><div> 3.4.5 Reaction of Thermal Agent 61</div><div> 3.4.6 Excessive Moisture 61</div><div> 3.4.7 Reaction of Chemical Agent 61</div><div> 3.4.8 Soil Movement Impact 62</div><div>3.5 Human Factor 62</div><div> 3.5.1 Misuse by User 63</div><div> 3.5.2 Vandalism 63</div> 3.5.3 Wear and Tear 63<div> 3.5.4 Change of Usage 63</div><div> 3.5.5 Poor Workmanship 64</div><div> 3.5.6 Lack of Supervision 64</div> 3.5.7 Lack of Knowledge 65<div> 3.5.8 Poor Operation 65</div><div> 3.5.9 Lack of Cleaning 65</div><div>3.6 Selection of Independent Variables 65</div><div>References 66</div><div>Chapter 4 70</div><div>Building Condition Monitoring and Assessment 70</div><div>Abstract 70</div><div>4.1 Introduction 70</div><div>4.2 Building Condition Assessment Techniques 71</div><div>4.3 Condition Assessment Systems 72</div><div>4.4 Building Condition Rating Scale 72</div><div>4.5 The Practice of Building Condition Assessment 74</div><div> 4.5.1 Dutch Building Condition Assessment Standard 74</div> 4.5.1.1 Condition Assessment Process 75<div> 4.5.2 Queensland Building Condition Assessment Standard 76</div><div> 4.5.2.1 Condition Assessment Process 76</div><div> 4.5.3 Royal Institute Chartered Surveyor (RICS) Standard 79</div><div> 4.5.3.1 Condition Assessment Process 79</div><div> 4.5.3.2 Condition Rating 80</div><div> 4.5.4 Current Practices Condition Assessment in Malaysia 81</div><div>4.6 Building Condition Maintenance Assessment System (BCMAS) 81</div><div> 4.6.1 Scope of Work 82</div><div> 4.6.2 Methodology 83</div><div> 4.6.2.1 Desk Data Collection 83</div><div> 4.6.2.2 Logistic 83</div><div> 4.6.2.3 Checklist 83</div><div> 4.6.2.4 Data Analysis 84</div><div>4.7 Building Condition Assessment Rating Systems (BCARS) 84</div><div> 4.7.1 Standardization 85</div> 4.7.2 Development of BCARS 86<div> 4.7.3 Piloting 87</div><div> 4.7.4 Improvement and Approval 88</div><div> 4.7.5 Method of Assessment 89</div><div> 4.7.5.1 Inspection Checklist 90</div><div> 4.7.5.2 Identifying the Defects 91</div><div> 4.7.5.3 Physical Condition Assessment 91</div><div> 4.7.5.4 Maintenance Priority Assessment 92</div><div> 4.7.5.5 Defects Score and Building Rating 93</div><div>4.8 Comparison between BCMAS and BCARS 95</div><div> 4.8.1 Building Hierarchy Information 95</div><div> 4.8.2 Rating Scale, Representation and Inspection 96</div><div> 4.8.3 BCMAS Rating and BCARS Rating 97</div><div>References 99</div><div>Chapter 5 101</div><div>Research Methodology 101</div><div>Abstract 101</div><div>5.1 Introduction 101</div>5.2 Methodology of Research 101<div>5.3 The Research Process 102</div><div>5.4 Determine the Research Question 102</div><div> 5.4.1 Initial Idea 102</div><div> 5.4.2 Identifying the Problem Statement 102</div><div>5.5 Proposed of Mixed Method 106</div><div>5.6 Select Research Methodology 107</div><div> 5.6.1 Research Approach – Triangulation Design 107</div><div> 5.6.2 Population and Sampling 111</div><div> 5.6.2.1 Population 111</div><div> 5.6.2.2 Sampling Frame 111</div><div> 5.6.2.3 Sampling 112</div><div> 5.6.2.4 Sampling Size Determination 116</div><div>5.7 Data Collection 116</div><div> 5.7.1 Quantitative Method 116</div><div> 5.7.1.1 Condition Assessment 116</div><div> 5.7.1.2 Checklist/Form Consists of Building Component 116</div><div> 5.7.1.3 Identifying of Defects/Failures 117</div><div> 5.7.1.4 Assessment for Physical Condition 117</div><div> 5.7.1.5 Assessment for Maintenance Priority Action 118</div><div> 5.7.1.6 Defect Score – BCARS 119</div><div> 5.7.1.7 Condition Rating 119</div><div> 5.7.2 Qualitative Method –Semi structured Interview and Archived Document 120</div><div> 5.7.2.1 Archived Document 120</div><div> 5.7.2.2 Semi-Structured Interview 121</div><div>5.8 Analysis of Data 124</div><div> 5.8.1 Quantitative Analysis 124</div><div> 5.8.1.1 Descriptive Statistic 124</div><div> i) Frequency Distribution 124</div><div> ii) Central Tendency 124</div><div> iii) Dispersion 125</div><div> 5.8.2 Normality Test 125</div><div> 5.8.3 Reliability Analysis 126</div><div> 5.8.4 Bi-Variate Analysis 126</div><div> 5.8.4.1 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Techniques 127</div><div> 5.8.5 Regression Analysis 127</div><div> 5.8.6 Qualitative Analysis 128</div><div> 5.8.7 Content Analysis 129</div><div>5.9 Data Interpretation 130</div><div>5.10 Legitimation / validity and reliability 130</div><div>5.11 Conclusion 130</div><div>References 132</div><div>Chapter 6 136 </div><div>Analysis and Research Findings 136</div><div>Abstract 136</div><div>6.1 Introduction 136</div><div>6.2 Quantitative Analysis 137</div><div> 6.2.1 Descriptive Analysis Result 137</div><div> 6.2.1.1 Type of School 137</div><div> 6.2.1.2 The Number of School and Total Defects according to State 138</div><div> 6.2.1.3 Total Defects according to State 138</div><div> 6.2.1.4 Building Condition Rating according to States 139</div><div> 6.2.1.5 The Factors Contribute to the Building Defects 141</div><div> 6.2.1.6 Type of Defects 142</div>6.3 Reliability 144<div>6.4 Correlation Analysis 147</div><div> 6.4.1 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors </div><div> and Building Condition 147</div><div> 6.4.1.1 Relationship of Lack of Maintenance to Building Condition 148</div><div> 6.4.1.2 Relationship of Vandalism to Building Condition 149</div><div> 6.4.1.3 Relationship of Poor Waterproofing to Building Condition 150</div><div> 6.4.1.4 Relationship of Lack of Supervision to Building Condition 150</div> 6.4.1.5 Relationship of Lack of Cleaning to Building Condition 150<div> 6.4.1.6 Relationship of Misuse by User to Building Condition 151</div><div> 6.4.2 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors and Building Condition 151</div><div>6.5 Regression Analysis 152</div><div>6.6 Qualitative Analysis 154</div><div> 6.6.1 Content Analysis 154</div><div> 6.6.2 Semi-Structured Interview Result 155</div><div> 6.6.2.1 Interview Result to Ranking Analysis Result 157</div> i) Factor which have Strong Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 158<div> ii) Factor which have Least Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 161</div><div> iii) Factors which have Zero Variance to the Overall Condition of the Building 169</div><div> iv) Theoretical Framework 173</div><div> a) Independent Variables 173</div><div> b) Mediating Variables 176</div><div> c) Dependent Variables 177</div><div> v) The Use of Standard Buildin Condition Assessment in the Study 178</div><div>6.7 Discussion on Overall Finding 181</div><div> 6.7.1 Validation of Ranking Analysis Results 181</div><div> 6.7.2 Validation of Correlation Analysis Results 181</div><div> 6.7.3 Validation of Theoretical Framework 182</div><div>References 185</div><div>Chapter 7 188</div><div>Conclusion and Recommendations 188</div><div>Abstract 188</div><div>7.1 Conclusion of the Study 188</div><div> 7.2.1 Objective 1: To identify the factors contributing to the </div><div> building defects 188</div><div> 7.2.2 Objective 2: To investigate the condition of the public school </div><div> buildings through building condition assessment 189</div><div> 7.2.3 Objective 3: To establish critical factors contributing to the </div><div> school buildings defects and relationship to building condition 190</div><div> 7.2.4 Objective 4: To develop a building deterioration prediction </div><div> model (BDPM) based on building condition 191</div><div>7.3 Contribution to the Knowledge 192</div><div>7.4 Recommendation for Future Research 192</div><div><br></div>