Cell Types and Connectivity Patterns in Mosaic Retinas

Name: Cell Types and Connectivity Patterns in Mosaic Retinas
Author: Hans-Joachim Wagner

Paperback Engels 1978 9783540090137

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In many parts of vertebrate and invertebrate central nervous systems, groups of nerve or receptor cells can be found that are arranged and connected according to a precise, functionally defined pattern (Braitenberg, 1973; Santini, 1975; Strausfeld, 1976; Chan-Palay, 1977). In these cases, groups of cell bodies or synapses appear as basically similar configurations, which, however, are different in detail from each other. Such abstract patterns of connectivity are of a statistical nature and do not allow, in a given example, for the prediction of the localization or connections of a particular cell. "Wiring diagrams", therefore, can be obtained only from a multitude of individual observations. In contrast, in several sensory organs, concrete patterns occur that con sist of a regular, mosaic-like, and geometric arrangement of similar cell types. The constancy of such a mosaic allows predictions about certain units of the pattern on the basis of only a few exemplary observations. Typical examples are found in the visual system: In the compound eye of insects, each ommatidium contains a definite number of visual cells that are grouped around the optical axis in a hexogonal array (Kirsch feld, 1967); in the vertebrate retina, mosaics of geometrically arranged cones are found most frequently in lower vertebrates; they are common among teleosts. A number of studies have dealt with their phylogenetic significance and their functional role as adaptation to specific environments or modes of feeding.

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ISBN13:9783540090137

Taal:Engels

Bindwijze:paperback

Aantal pagina's:84

Uitgever:Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Serie:Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology

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1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Materials.- 2.2. Methods.- 2.2.1. Light Microscopy.- 2.2.1.1. Routine Histology.- 2.2.1.2. Golgi Impregnation.- 2.2.1.3. Isolated Cells.- 2.2.2. Electron Microscopy.- 2.2.2.1. Routine Preparation.- 2.2.2.2. Golgi EM Technique.- 2.2.2.3. Ultra Histochemistry.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Cells Participating in the Formation of the External Plexiform Layer.- 3.1.1. Visual Cells.- 3.1.2. Bipolar Cells.- 3.1.3. Horizontal Cells.- 3.1.4. Interplexiform Cells.- 3.1.5. Müller Cells.- 3.1.6. Cell Types of the External Plexiform Layer: Discussion.- 3.1.6.1. Visual Cells.- 3.1.6.2. Bipolar Cells.- 3.1.6.3. Horizontal Cells.- 3.1.6.4. Interplexiform Cells.- 3.1.6.5. Müller Cells.- 3.2. Cell Mosaics.- 3.2.1. Mosaics of Cells Participating in the Formation of the External Plexiform Layer.- 3.2.1.1. Visual Cell Mosaics.- 3.2.1.2. Cone Horizontal Cells.- 3.2.2. Patterns in the Internal Plexiform Layer.- 3.2.3. Biological Significance of Pattern Formation in Teleost Retinas.- 3.3. Patterns of Connectivity in the External Plexiform Layer.- 3.3.1. General Morphology of Cone Pedicles.- 3.3.2. The Ribbon Synapse.- 3.3.3. Constancy of the Number of Synaptic Ribbons in Different Cone Types.- 3.3.4. Convergence and Divergence Between Cones and Cone Horizontal Cells in Nannacara anomala.- 3.3.5. Contacts of Bipolar Dendrites in Tangential Sections.- 3.3.6. Functional Interpretation of the Patterns of Connectivity in the External Plexiform Layer of Mosaic Retinas.- 3.3.6.1. Intracellular Recordings.- 3.3.6.2. Significance for Color Vision.- 3.3.6.3. Lateral Inhibition.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.

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Cell Types and Connectivity Patterns in Mosaic Retinas

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