Management of Greywater in Developing Countries

1 Qualitative Characterization of Household Greywater in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;<div>1.1 Introduction</div><div>1.2 Definition of Greywater</div><div>1.3 Sources and Quantity of Greywater in Developing Countries</div><div>1.4 Qualitative Characteristics of Household Greywater</div><div>1.4.1 General Composition</div><div>1.4.2 Physical Characteristics</div><div>1.4.3 Chemical Characteristics</div><div>1.4.3.1 Heavy Metals</div><div>1.4.3.2 Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMPs) in Greywater</div><div>1.4.4 Microbiological Characteristics</div><div>1.4.4.1 Indicator Bacteria</div><div>1.5 Conclusion</div><div>1.6 References<br><div><br></div><div>2 Consequences of Improper Disposal of Greywater - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RM, AbdulSamad Hazza'a, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>2.1 Introduction</div><div>2.2 Microbial Risks</div><div>2.3 Chemical Risks</div><div>2.3.1 Xenobiotic Organic Compounds (XOCs)<div>2.3.2 Eutrophication</div><div>2.3.3 Heavy Metals</div><div>2.4 Regulations for Discharge of Greywater</div><div>2.5 Conclusion</div><div>2.6 References</div><div><br></div><div>3 Determination of Pathogenic Organisms in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>3.1 Introduction</div><div>3.2 Culture Based Methods</div><div>3.2.1 Dilution and Spread Plate Procedures</div><div>3.2.2 Membrane Filtration (MF) Methods</div><div>3.2.3 Enriched Method</div><div>3.2.4 Direct Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria on Selective Media</div><div>3.3 Non-Culture Methods</div><div>3.3.1 Microscopic Detection</div><div>3.3.2 Molecular Methods</div><div>3.4 Pathogen Growth Potential (PGP) of Inactivated Pathogens in Treated Greywater</div><div>3.5 Conclusion</div><div>3.6 References</div><div><br></div><div>4 A Reuse of Greywater for Irrigation Purposes - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>4.1 Introduction</div><div>4.2 Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth</div><div>4.3 Microbial Aspects of Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture</div><div>4.4 Regulations for Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture</div><div>4.5 Conclusion</div><div>4.6 References</div><div><br></div><div>5 A Potential Reuse of Greywater in Developed and Developing Countries - Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim, Martin Anda, Stewart Dallas</div><div>5.1 Introduction</div><div>5.2 Weather of Perth, Australia, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</div><div>5.3 Residential Water Consumption in Perth</div><div>5.4 Residential Water Consumption in Malaysia</div><div>5.5 Water Scarcity</div><div>5.5.1 Quantity Issues in Perth</div><div>5.5.2 Quality Issues in Malaysia</div><div>5.6 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice from a Global Perspective</div><div>5.6.1 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Perth, Western Australia</div><div>5.6.2 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Malaysia</div><div>5.7 Greywater Treatment as a Means of Pollution Control<div>5.8 Potential of Greywater Reuse in Malaysia</div><div>5.9 Juggling the Differences in Adopting the Good Practice</div><div>5.10 Institutional and Legal Issues</div><div>5.11 Conclusion</div><div>5.12 References</div><div><br></div><div>6 Management of Household Greywater (Storage and Treatment Technologies) - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>6.1 Introduction</div><div>6.2 Storage of Greywater</div><div>6.3 Treatment of Greywater</div><div>6.3.1 Conventional Treatment Methods</div><div>6.3.2 Constructed Wet Land System</div><div>6.3.3 Membrane Reactor System</div><div>6.3.4 Flocculation and Coagulation Process</div><div>6.4 Conclusion</div><div>6.5 References</div><div><br></div><div>7 Phycoremediation as a Green Technology for Removal of Nutrients from Greywater - Wurochekke AA, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Hauwa A, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>7.1 Introduction</div><div>7.2 Phycoremediation Process</div>7.2.1 Selection of Microalgae Species<div>7.2.2 Factors Affecting Phycoremediation Process</div><div>7.3 Removal Mechanism of Nutrients</div><div>7.4 Advantages of Phycoremediation</div><div>7.5 Microbiological Aspects of Phycoremediation</div><div>7.6 Conclusino</div><div>7.7 References</div><div><br></div><div>8 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>8.1 Introduction</div><div>8.2 Chemical Removal of Heavy Metals</div><div>8.3 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals</div><div>8.3.1 Selection of the Most Potent Microorganisms for Removal of Heavy Metals</div><div>8.3.2 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Removal</div><div>8.3.3 Removal Mechanism of Heavy Metals by Microorganism</div><div>8.4 Conclusion</div><div>8.5 References</div><div><br></div><div>9 Disinfection Technologies for Household Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>9.1 Introduction</div><div>9.2 Chemical Disinfection Methods</div><div>9.2.1 Chlorination</div><div>9.2.2 Ozonation</div><div>9.2.3 Natural Compounds</div><div>9.3 Physical and Mechanical Disinfection Methods</div><div>9.3.1 Irradiation Disinfection</div><div>9.3.2 Thermal Disinfection</div><div>9.3.3 Filtration System</div><div>9.3.4 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)</div><div>9.4 Conclusion</div><div>9.5 References</div><div><br></div><div>10 Centralized and Decentralized Treatment Systems for Household Greywater in Rural Regions - Dilaeleyana AS, Athirah A, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div></div><div>10.1 Introduction</div><div>10.2 Centralized Treatment Systems</div><div>10.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems</div><div>10.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralized and Decentralized Systems</div><div>10.5 Applicability of Decentralized Systems in Rural Regions</div><div>10.6 Model Transport Simulation for Drainage Pollution</div><div>10.6.1 Purpose of Model Transport</div><div>10.6.2 Model Development of MATLAB/Simulink</div><div>10.6.3 Advantages or Contribution of the Model Pollutant Transport</div><div>10.7 Conclusion</div><div>10.8 References</div><div><br></div><div>11 Recycling of Greywater for Production of Biomass and Bio-Products by Microalgae - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>11.1 Introduction</div><div>11.2 Potential of Greywater as a Production Medium</div><div>11.3 Harvesting of Biomass Yield</div><div>11.3.1 Chemical Methods</div><div>11.3.2. Physical Methods</div><div>11.4 Extraction of Lipids and Proteins from Biomass Yield</div><div>11.5 Conclusion</div><div>11.6 References</div><div><br></div><div>12 Nanotechnology Application in Greywater Treatment - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>12.1 Introduction</div><div>12.2 Utilization of Nanotechnology in Greywater Treatment</div><div>12.3 Role of Microorganisms Used in Nanotechnology</div><div>12.4 Selection of Nanomaterials</div><div>12.5 Bio-Carrier System for Treatment of Greywater</div><div>12.6 Conclusion</div><div>12.7 References</div><div><br></div><div>13 Further Application of Greywater - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim&nbsp;</div><div>13.1 Introduction</div><div>13.2 Utilization of Greywater in Building and Construction</div><div>13.3 Role of Microorganisms in Greywater in Generating Bio-Concrete</div><div>13.4 Washing of Contaminated Soil by Greywater</div><div>13.5 Desert Reclamation by Greywater</div><div>13.6 Groundwater Recharge by Greywater</div><div>13.7 Conclusion</div><div>13.8 References</div></div></div>