Functional Metamaterials and Metadevices

<p>Preface</p> <p>1 Concepts from metamaterials to metadevices </p> <p>1.1 Rationale for metamaterials exploration</p> <p>1.2 Classification of metamaterials</p> <p>1.3 Evolution of metamaterials</p> <p>1.4 Emerging functional metadevices</p> <p>1.4.1 Reconfigurable and tunable metadevices</p> <p>1.4.2 Electro-optical metadevices</p> <p>1.4.3 Liquid-crystal metadevices</p> <p>1.4.4 Phase-change metadevices</p> <p>1.4.5 Superconducting metadevices</p> <p>1.4.6 Ultrafast photonic metadevices</p> <p>1.4.7 Nonlinear metadevices with varactors</p> 1.4.8 Metadevices driven by electromagnetic forces<p></p> <p>1.4.9 Acoustic metadevices</p> <p>2 Design and fabrication of metamaterials and metadevices&nbsp; </p> <p>2.1 Common design Approaches for metamaterials</p> <p>2.1.1 Resonant approach</p> <p>2.1.2 Transmission line Approach</p> <p>2.1.3 Hybrid Approach </p> <p>2.2 General tuning methods for metadevices</p> <p>2.3 Fabrication technology</p> <p>2.3.1 Photolithography&lt; </p><p>2.3.2 Shadow mask lithography</p> <p>2.3.3 Soft lithography</p> <p>2.3.4 Electron beam lithography</p> <p>2.3.5 3D metamaterial fabrication techniques</p> <p>2.4 Tuning techniques</p> <p>2.4.1 Mechanical tuning</p> <p>2.4.2 Electromechanical displacements</p> <p>2.4.3 Lattice displacement</p> <p>2.4.4 Thermal stimulation</p> <p>2.4.5 Material tuning&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p>3 Electromagnetic metamaterials and metadevices </p> <p>3.1 Fundamental theory of electromagnetic metamaterials</p> <p>3.2 Single negative metamaterials</p> <p>3.2.1 Metamaterials with negative effective permittivity in the microwave regime</p> <p>3.2.2 Metamaterials with negative effective permeability in the microwave regime</p> <p>3.3 Double Negative Metamaterials</p> <p>3.4 Zero index metamaterials</p> 3.5 Electromagnetic band gap metamaterials<p></p> <p>3.5.1 Types of EBG structures</p> <p>3.5.2 Numerical modeling of EBG</p> <p>3.5.3 EBG applications</p> <p>3.6 Bi-isotropic and bi-anisotropic metamaterials</p> <p>3.7 Microwave metamaterial-inspired metadevices</p> <p>4 Terahertz metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Passive-type terahertz metamaterials </p> <p>4.2.1 Terahertz metamaterials with electric responses</p> <p>4.2.2 Terahertz metamaterials with magnetic responses</p> <p>4.2.3 Terahertz metamaterials with negative refractive indices</p> <p>4.2.4 Broadband terahertz metamaterials </p><p>4.3 Active-type terahertz metamaterials</p> <p>4.3.1 Electrically tunable THz metamaterials</p> <p>4.3.2 Optically tunable THz metamaterials</p> <p>4.3.3 Mechanically tunable THz metamaterials</p> <p>4.4 Flexible THz metamaterial sensors</p> <p>5 Photonic metamaterials and metadevices </p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Photonic crystals</p> <p>5.2.1 A historical account</p> <p>5.2.2 Construction of photonic crystals</p> <p>5.2.3 Applications of photonic crystals</p> <p>5.3 Metamaterials designed through transformation optics</p> <p>5.3.1 Metamaterials mimicking celestial mechanics</p> 5.3.2 Metamaterials gradient index lensing<p></p> <p>5.3.3 Battlefield applications</p> <p>5.4 Hyperbolic metamaterials</p> <p>5.4.1 Hyperbolic media in retrospect</p> <p>5.4.2 Design and building materials</p> <p>5.4.3 Photonic hypercrystals</p> <p>5.4.4 Applications of hyperbolic metamaterials</p> <p>5.4.4.1 High-resolution imaging and lithography</p> <p>5.4.4.2 Spontaneous emission engineering</p> <p>5.4.4.3 Thermal emission engineering</p> <p>6 Chiral metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>6.1 Historical perspective </p> <p>6.2 Chirality parameter and ellipticity</p> 6.3 Typical chiral metamaterials<p></p> <p>6.3.1 Chiral metamaterials with negative refractive index</p> <p>6.3.2 3D chiral metamaterials</p> <p>6.3.3 Self-assembled chiral metamaterials</p> <p>6.3.4 Gyroid metamaterials</p> <p>6.3.5 Nonlinear chiral metamaterials</p> <p>6.4 Chiroptical effects</p> <p>6.4.1. Extrinsic chirality</p> <p>6.4.2 Superchiral fields</p> <p>6.5 Typical applications of chiral metamaterials </p> <p>6.5.1 Chiral metamaterial sensors</p> <p>6.5.2 Nonlinear optics in chiral metamaterials</p> <p>6.5.3 Chiral light-matter interactions</p> <p>6.5.4 Active chiral metamaterials</p> 7 Plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces<p></p> <p>7.1 Plasmonic meta-atoms and their interactions</p> <p>7.2 Plasmonic metamaterials implementing negative refraction and negative refractive index</p> <p>7.3 Plasmonic metasurfaces</p> <p>7.4 Graphene-based plasmonic metamaterials</p> <p>7.5 Self-assembled plasmonic metamaterials</p> <p>7.6 Application perspective</p> <p>7.6.1 Optical nanocircuits and nanoantennas</p> <p>7.6.1.1 Optical nanocircuits</p> <p>7.6.1.2 Optical nanoantennas</p> <p>7.6.2 Functional metasurfaces</p> <p>7.6.3 Plasmonic metamaterials for sensing</p> <p>8 Metamaterials-inspired frequency selective surfaces</p> <p>8.1 Evolution of frequency selective surfaces</p> <p>8.2 Design of metamaterial-based miniaturized-element frequency-selective surfaces</p> <p>8.3 Printed flexible and reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces</p> <p>8.4 Metamaterials inspired FSS antennas and circuits</p> <p>8.4.1 Ultra-wideband antennas and microstrip filters</p> <p>8.4.2 Microstrip antennas with HIS ground plane</p> <p>8.4.3 Fabry-Pérot antenna</p> <p>8.5 Metamaterial-inspired microfluidic sensors</p> <p>8.6 Metamaterial-inspired rotation and displacement sensors</p> <p>9 Nonlinear metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> 9.2 Implementation approaches to manufacture nonlinear metamaterials<p></p> <p>9.2.1 Insertion of nonlinear elements</p> <p>9.2.2 Nonlinear host medium</p> <p>9.2.3 Local field enhancement</p> <p>9.2.4 Nonlinear transmission lines</p> <p>9.2.5 Intrinsic structural nonlinearity</p> <p>9.2.6 Nonlinear metamaterials with quantum and superconducting elements</p> <p>9.3 Nonlinear responses and effects</p> <p>9.3.1 Nonlinear self-action</p> <p>9.3.2 Frequency conversion and parametric amplification</p> <p>9.3.2.1 Harmonic generation</p> <p>9.3.2.2 Parametric amplification and loss compensation</p> <p>10 Acoustic metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>10.1 Historical perspective and basic principles</p> <p>10.2 Dynamic negative density and compressibility</p> <p>10.3 Membrane-type acoustic materials</p> <p>10.4 Transformation acoustics and metadevices with spatially varying index</p> <p>10.5 Space-coiling and acoustic metasurfaces</p> <p>10.6 Acoustic absorption</p> <p>10.7 Active acoustic metamaterials</p> <p>10.8 Emerging directions and future trends</p> <p>10.8.1 Nonlinear acoustic metamaterials</p> <p>10.8.2 Nonreciprocal acoustic devices</p> <p>10.8.3 Elastic and mechanical metamaterials</p> <p>10.8.4 Graphene-inspired acoustic metamaterials</p> 10.8.5 Acoustic metamaterials with characteristics describable by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians<p></p> <p>10.8.6 Future trends</p> <p>11 Mechanical metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Auxetic mechanical metamaterials</p> <p>11.2.1 Re-entrant structures</p> <p>11.2.1.1 Auxetic foam</p> <p>11.2.1.2 Auxetic honeycomb</p> <p>11.2.1.3 Three-dimensional re-entrant structures</p> <p>11.2.1.4 Auxetic microporous polymers</p> <p>11.2.2 Auxetic chiral structures</p> <p>11.2.3 Rotating rigid and semi-rigid auxetic structures</p> <p>11.2.4 Dilational metamaterials</p> 11.2.5 Potential applications of auxetic metamaterials<p></p> <p>11.3 Penta-mode metamaterials</p> <p>11.4 Ultra-property metamaterials</p> <p>11.5 Negative-parameter metamaterials</p> <p>11.6 Mechanical metamaterials with tunable negative thermal expansion</p> <p>11.7 Active, adaptive, and programmable metamaterials</p> <p>11.8 Origami-based metamaterials</p> <p>11.9 Mechanical metamaterials as seismic shields</p> <p>11.10 Future trends</p> <p>12 Perspective and future trends</p> <p>12.1 Emerging metamaterials capabilities and new concepts</p> <p>12.1.1 Virtual photon interactions mediated by metamaterials</p> 12.1.2 Routes to aperiodic and correlation metamaterials<p></p> <p>12.1.3 Mathematical operations and processing with structured metamaterials</p> <p>12.1.4 Topological effects in metamaterials</p> <p>12.2 Manipulation of metasurface properties</p> <p>12.2.1 Functionally doped metal oxides for future ultrafast active metamaterials</p> <p>12.2.2 Optical dielectric metamaterials and metasurfaces</p> <p>12.2.3 Beam shaping with metasurfaces</p> <p>12.2.4 Control of emission and absorption with metamaterials</p> <p>12.2.5 Control of far-field thermal emission properties through the use of photonic structures</p> <p>12.3 Research trends of nonlinear, active and tunable properties</p> 12.3.1 Engineering mid-infrared and optical nonlinearities with metamaterials<p></p> <p>12.3.2 Directional control of nonlinear scattering from metasurfaces</p> <p>12.3.3 Coherent control in planar photonic metamaterials</p> <p>12.3.4 Nanomechanical photonic metamaterials</p> <p>12.4 Emerging metadevices and applications</p> <p>12.4.1 RF beam steering module with metamaterials electronically scanned array</p> <p>12.4.2 Smart metamaterial antennas</p> <p>12.4.3 Energy harvesting enhanced with metamaterials</p> <p>12.4.3.1 Electromagnetic energy harvesting</p> <p>12.4.3.2 Photonic crystals-based vibroacoustic energy harvesting</p> <p>12.4.3.3Acoustic metamaterial-based vibroacoustic energy harvesting</p> 12.4.4 Focus magnetic stimulation<p></p> <p>12.4.5 Thermophotovoltaics</p> <p>12.4.6 Transparent thermal barrier</p> <p>12.4.7 Passive radiative cooling</p> <p>12.5 Prospective manufacturing and assembly technologies of metamaterials and metadevices</p> <p>12.5.1 Nanoparticles for complex multimaterial nanostructures</p> <p>12.5.2 Eutectics as metamaterials</p> <p>12.5.3 Large area roll-to-roll processing</p>