<p>CHAPTER 1. STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN.- Abstract.- Overview of Bhutan.-Ecological Zones & Climatic Features.- Land Use in Bhutan.- Source: FRMD/DOFPS. Conservation Efforts & Protected Area Systems.- Conservation Laws and Policies. Assessment of Non-Protected Areas.- Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Non-protected Area. Scientific Forest Management.- Community Forest Empowerment. Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP) Management. Plantation and Reforestation Programs. Keystone species and Conservation Areas. Foot Notes.- Annexure 1..1 Classification and Characteristics of Vegetation Zones in Bhutan (Grierson & Long, 1983, see 19).- Annexure 1.2 Description of Classification of Land Cover Class and Sub-Class in Bhutan (See 20).- CHAPTER 2.- DRIVERS AND PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BHUTAN. Abstract.- Land Use.-Hydropower projects.- Farm Roads.- Mining and Mineral Development.- Land use for Agriculture.- Waste Management.- CHAPTER 3.- NON-VIOLENT TECHNIQUESFOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT RESOLUTION.- Abstract.- Contextual Framework within the ACPB.- Methodology.- Global context of HWC.- Conflict Management Strategies.-Retaliatory Actions and Violent Approaches.- Lethal Control – Counterproductive 96.- From Conflict to Co-existence.- Safe and Non-Violent Approach.- Table 3.1 Important Elements of HWC (WWF-Bhutan, 2016; See Foot Note 78).- Human Wildlife Conflict Policy.- Implementing Agencies for HWC. Immune-contraception for population control.- Translocation of Problem Animals.- Alternative Livelihoods.- Land-Use Planning and Landscape Management.- Mitigation Measures.- Compensation.- Performance payments.- Ecotourism and Revenue Sharing.- Community Education.- Understanding the Conflict Profile.- Reporting.-Information compilation, management and use.- Response - measures taken to alleviate a specific or ongoing HWC incident.- Monitoring and Evaluation - measuring the performance of HWC management.- Human Wildlife Conflict Situation inBhutan.- Underlying Forces of Human Wild-life Conflicts in Bhutan.- Human Wildlife Conflict Situation in Bhutan.- Preventive Measures.- Mitigation Approach in Bhutan.- Strategic Outcomes.- Table 3.5 Strategic Intents contributing to the Safe System (WWF-Bhutan, 2016; See Foot Note 246).- Effective Monitoring and Evaluation.- Conclusion and Recommendation.- Non-violent and Safe Approach.- Institutional Arrangement.- Human Wildlife Conflict Policy & Legislation.- Coping Techniques and Mechanisms.- Hotspot Mapping.- Physiological Sterilization of wildlife.- Table 3.6 Immunocontraceptive vaccines used in different animals.- Innovative Research Fund for farmers.- Economic Responses to HWC.- Alternative livelihoods.- Regional Transboundary Conservation.- Foot Notes.- Annexure 3.1 Indicators of the Strategic Outcomes of People, Wildlife, Assets and Habitat.- CHAPTER 4.- ANIMAL RIGHTS AND PROTECTION.-Abstract.- Buddhist Perspectives & Conservation Biology.- Bhutanese Buddhism and the Segue To Contemporary Animal Protection Policies.- National Law & Buddhist Ethics.- State Monastic Body.- Non-governmental Organizations (NGO).- Tshethar (Life Saving) Practices.- Animal Health and Rescue Centers.- Farming Systems and Livestock Population.- Meat Consumption in Bhutan.- Discussion and Recommendations on Animal Protection and Animal Rights.- Animal Protection Policy of Bhutan.- Population control of Livestock Animals.- Institutionalization and Implementation Arrangement.- Monitoring & Implementation.- Dog Population Control.- GNH Index for Animal Kingdom.- References (1-125).- Annexure 4.1 God’s Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Dancing Star Foundation, 2010.- CHAPTER 5. GAP ANALYSIS OF THREATENED, RARE AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES IN BHUTAN.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Impacts of Extinction of Species.- Taxonomic Classification – Seven Kingdoms Model.- Objectives.- Methodology.- Assessment of Under-Represented Species in Kingdoms.- Under-Represented Species in Classification of Groups.- Records of Species Groups under Animalia Kingdom.- Vertebrates.-Invertebrates.- Species Groups under Plantae Kingdom.- Tracheophytes.- Chromista Kingdom.-Fungi Kingdom.- Protista Kingdom.- Eubacteria Kingdom.- Archaebacteria Kingdom.-Assessment of Threatened Species.- Conservation Status of Fish in Bhutan.- Threatened Endemic Plants in Bhutan.- Under-Representation of Medicinal Plants.- Documentation of Agro-Biodiversity.- Community Participation and Citizen Science.- Discussion and Recommendations.- Foot Notes.- Annexure 5.1 List of Threatened Species of Plants (IUCN Status-2019).- Annexure 5.2 List of Threatened Species of Mammals in Bhutan (IUCN Status-2019).- Annexure 5.3 List of Threatened Species of Birds in Bhutan (IUCN) – 2019 NBC.-Annexure 5.4 List of Threatened Fish Species.- Annexure 5.5: List of Threatened Amphibian and Reptile Species.- Annexure 5.6 Monotypic Species of Seed Plants under each Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species (Source Flora of Bhutan, Volume 1, 2 & 3).- CHAPTER 6.- CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MAMMALIAN SPECIES.- Landscape Conservation Approach.- Mammalian species.- Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) Conservation.- Recommendations for Conservation Strategies.-Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) Conservation.- Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius).- Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus Chrysogaster) and Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) Conservation.- Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Musk Deer.- Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Conservation Strategy.- Recommendations for Dhole Conservation Strategy.- Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) Conservation Strategy.-Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Golden Langur.- Conservation of Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala).- Conservation of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus).- Conservation of Hog Deer (Axis Porcinus).- Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee)Conservation.- Discussion on Conservation of Bats.- Foot Notes (1-131).- CHAPTER 7. CONSERVATION OF THREATENED AND UNDER-REPRESENTED SPECIES OF PLANTS.- Introduction.-Endemic Plant Species.- Monotypic Plant Species.- Discussion on Threatened Orchids.- Critically Endangered flowering plants.- Endangered Flowering Plants.- Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Plant Species.- Conservation of Bryophytes.- Ecological significance of Bryophytes.- Economic Uses of Bryophytes.- Medicinal Use of Bryophytes.- Bryophytes as Pollution indicators.- Bryophytes in Science and Education.- Threats to Bryophytes.- Lesser Known Timber Species in Bhutan.- Foot Notes.- Annexure 7.1 Most commonly used timber species (Source: FRMD/DoFPS).- Annexure 7.2 High value timber with less utilization (Source: FRMD/DoFPS).- CHAPTER 8. CONSERVATION OF THREATENED BIRDS, REPTILES, FISHES AND PARASITES.- Birds Conservation.- Conservation of White Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis).- Conservation of Vultures.- Discussion on Conservation of White Winged Duck.- Conservation Strategy of Baer’s Pochard.- Conservation Strategy of Eagles.-Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Threatened Birds.- Conservation of Turtles.-Importance of Turtle Conservation.- Conservation Strategies.- Conservation of Threatened Fish Species.- CHAPTER 9.- CONSERVATION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND UNDER-REPRESENTED MICROBES.- Abstract.- Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources.- Agro-Biodiversity Gene Banks.- Preservation under Permafrost Conditions.- Microbial Conservation Strategies.- FOOT NOTES.<br></p>
