Hydraulic Fracturing Explained

<ul> <li>Dedication</li> <li>Foreword</li> <li>Preface <ul> <li>Acknowledgments</li></ul></li> <li>List of Figures</li> <li>List of Tables</li> <li>Nomenclature <ul> <li>Acronyms/Abbreviations</li> <li>Symbols</li> <li>Greek Letters</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 1. Hydraulic Fracturing Explained <ul> <li>1.1 Introduction</li> <li>1.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons</li> <li>1.3 Petroleum Reserves in Shale</li> <li>1.4 Petroleum Demand</li> <li>1.5 Achieving Production of Hydrocarbons to Meet Demand</li> <li>1.6 Hydraulic Fracturing</li> <li>1.7 Environmental Issues Related to Hydraulic Fracturing</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 2. Evaluation of Gas-Shale Formations <ul> <li>2.1 Sedimentary Formations</li> <li>2.2 Shale Formations</li> <li>2.3 Multistage Fractures</li> <li>2.4 Fracture Design (Frac-Implementation)</li> <li>2.5 Well Design from Surface to Reservoir</li> <li>2.6 Gas-Shale Reservoir Characterization</li> <li>2.7 Gamma-Ray Well-Log</li> <li>2.8 Density/Neutron Log</li> <li>2.9 Use of Seismic Data</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 3. Rock Mechanics of Fracturing <ul> <li>3.1 Introduction</li> <li>3.2 Young's Modulus of Elasticity (E)</li> <li>3.3 Poisson's Ratio (v)</li> <li>3.4 Bulk Modulus (K_B)</li> <li>3.5 Shear Modulus (G)</li> <li>3.6 Effective Stress</li> <li>3.7 Mohr Stress Diagram</li> <li>3.8 Initiation of Fractures</li> <li>3.9 Propping the Fracture Open</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 4. Fracture Fluids <ul> <li>4.1 Introduction</li> <li>4.2 Oil-Based Fracturing Fluids</li> <li>4.3 Water-Based Frac-Fluids</li> <li>4.4 Alcohol-based Frac-fluids</li> <li>4.5 Acid Frac-Fluid</li> <li>4.6 Foams</li> <li>4.7 “Slick-Water”</li> <li>4.8 Surfactants</li> <li>4.9 Clay Stabilizers</li> <li>4.10 Temperature Stabilizers</li> <li>4.11 Fluid-Loss Additives</li> <li>4.12 Viscosity Breakers</li> <li>4.13 Biocides</li> <li>4.14 Buffers</li> <li>4.15 Frac-Fluid Preparation</li> <li>4.16 Conclusion</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 5. Field Implementation of Hydraulic Fracturing <ul> <li>5.1 Introduction</li> <li>5.2 Protecting Groundwater</li> <li>5.3 Waste Water Management in Hydraulic Fracture</li> <li>5.4 Fresh Water Management in Hydraulic Fracturing</li> <li>5.5 Reducing Surface Disturbance</li> <li>5.6 Controlling Noise, Lighting, and Traffic at Fracturing Job Sites</li> <li>5.7 Technical Considerations for the Success of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments</li> <li>5.8 Case Studies of Hydraulic Fracturing</li></ul></li> <li>CHAPTER 6. Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing <ul> <li>6.1 Surface and Subsurface Environmental Effects</li> <li>6.2 Water Withdrawals</li> <li>6.3 Surface Spills</li> <li>6.4 Wastewater Management</li> <li>6.5 Air Emissions</li> <li>6.6 Water Impoundments</li> <li>6.7 Human Health Impacts</li> <li>6.8 Where to Get Toxicity Information</li> <li>6.9 Chemicals Present In Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid</li> <li>6.10 Chemicals Present in Flow-Back Fluids</li> <li>6.11 Regulations for Protecting the Environment</li> <li>6.12 Regulations Currently Applicable</li></ul></li> <li>APPENDIX A. Viscosity <ul> <li>A.1 Power-Law Fluids</li></ul></li> <li>APPENDIX B. Surfactants, Emulsions, Gels, Foams <ul> <li>B.1 Surfactants</li> <li>B.2 Emulsions</li> <li>B.3 Foams</li></ul></li> <li>APPENDIX C. Calculations <ul> <li>C.1 Subsurface Overburden and Horizontal Stress</li> <li>C.2 Fracture Initiation Pressure</li> <li>C.3 Fracture Propagation Pressure</li> <li>C.4 Matrix Permeability</li> <li>C.5 Fracture Size</li> <li>C.6 Rock Matrix Mechanical Properties</li> <li>C.7 Summary</li></ul></li> <li>Glossary</li> <li>References</li> <li>Index</li></ul>