Introducing C++ for Scientists, Engineers and Mathematicians

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Getting Started.- 1.2 Solving a Quadratic Equation.- 1.3 An Object-oriented Example.- 1.4 Why Object-oriented?.- 1.5 Summary.- 1.6 Exercises.- 2 The Lexical Basis of C++.- 2.1 Characters and Tokens.- 2.2 Comments and White Space.- 2.3 Identifiers.- 2.4 Keywords.- 2.5 Constants.- 2.5.1 Integer Constants.- 2.5.2 Boolean Constants.- 2.5.3 Floating Point Constants.- 2.5.4 Character Constants.- 2.5.5 String Constants.- 2.6 Operators.- 2.7 Programming Style.- 2.8 Summary.- 2.9 Exercises.- 3 Fundamental Types and Basic Operators.- 3.1 Integral Data Types.- 3.1.1 Type int.- 3.1.2 Integer Multiplication.- 3.1.3 Integer Division.- 3.1.4 Integer Modulus or Remainder Operator.- 3.1.5 Increment and Decrement Operators.- 3.1.6 Associativity and Precedence of Integer Operators.- 3.1.7 Long Integers.- 3.1.8 Short Integers.- 3.1.9 Unsigned Integers.- 3.1.10 Booleans.- 3.1.11 Character Types.- 3.2 Floating Point Data Types.- 3.2.1 Type double.- 3.2.2 Type float.- 3.2.3 Type long double.- 3.3 Changing Types.- 3.3.1 Type Promotion and Conversion.- 3.3.2 Casts.- 3.4 Some Basic Operations.- 3.4.1 The sizeof Operator.- 3.4.2 Initialization.- 3.4.3 Assignment Operators.- 3.5 const.- 3.6 typedef.- 3.7 Summary.- 3.8 Exercises.- 4 Control Structure.- 4.1 Relational Operators.- 4.2 Logical Operators.- 4.3 Equal and Not Equal Operators.- 4.4 Blocks and Scope.- 4.5 Branch Statements.- 4.5.1 if Statement.- 4.5.2 if else Statement.- 4.5.3 switch Statement.- 4.6 Iteration Statements.- 4.6.1 while Statement.- 4.6.2 for Statement.- 4.6.3 do Statement.- 4.7 break and continue Statements.- 4.8 goto Statement.- 4.9 Comma Operator.- 4.10 Null Statement.- 4.11 Conditional Expression Operator.- 4.12 Order of Evaluation of Operands.- 4.13 The Preprocessor.- 4.13.1 include Directive.- 4.13.2 define Directive.- 4.13.3 Conditional Compilation.- 4.14 Enumerations.- 4.15 Summary.- 4.16 Exercises.- 5 Functions.- 5.1Introducing Functions.- 5.1.1 Defining and Calling Functions.- 5.1.2 Return Type.- 5.1.3 Function Declarations.- 5.1.4 Functions Cannot Declare Functions.- 5.1.5 Unused Arguments.- 5.1.6 Default Arguments.- 5.1.7 Ignoring the Return Value.- 5.2 Recursion.- 5.3 Inline Functions.- 5.4 More on Scope Rules.- 5.5 Storage Class static.- 5.6 Overloading Function Names.- 5.6.1 Ambiguity Resolution.- 5.7 Function main0.- 5.8 Standard Library.- 5.9 Using Functions.- 5.9.1 A Benchmark.- 5.9.2 Root Finding by Bisection.- 5.10 Summary.- 5.11 Exercises.- 6 Pointers and Arrays.- 6.1 Memory, Addressing and Pointers.- 6.1.1 Address-of Operator.- 6.1.2 Dereferencing or Indirection Operator.- 6.1.3 Pointers.- 6.1.4 Pointers Do Not Declare Memory.- 6.1.5 Null Pointer.- 6.2 One-dimensional Arrays.- 6.2.1 Pointers and One-dimensional Arrays.- 6.3 Type void.- 6.4 Pointer Conversions.- 6.5 Multi-dimensional Arrays.- 6.5.1 Pointers and Multi-dimensional Arrays.- 6.6 Initializing Arrays.- 6.7 Size of Arrays.- 6.8 Arrays of Pointers.- 6.9 Using Pointers and Arrays.- 6.9.1 Fitting Data to a Straight Line.- 6.9.2 Ragged Arrays.- 6.10 Summary.- 6.11 Exercises.- 7 Further Pointer Techniques.- 7.1 Strings.- 7.2 Pointers as Function Arguments.- 7.3 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments.- 7.3.1 One-dimensional Arrays.- 7.3.2 Multi-dimensional Arrays.- 7.4 Arguments to main().- 7.5 Pointers to Functions.- 7.6 Dynamic Memory Management.- 7.6.1 Allocating Memory.- 7.6.2 Deallocating Memory.- 7.7 Pass by Reference and Reference Variables.- 7.7.1 Reference Arguments.- 7.7.2 Reference Return Values.- 7.7.3 Reference Variables.- 7.8 Using Pointers, Arrays and Strings.- 7.8.1 Matrix Addition.- 7.8.2 An Alphabetic Sort.- 7.9 Summary.- 7.10 Exercises.- 8 Classes.- 8.1 Declaring Classes.- 8.2 Class Access Specifiers.- 8.3 Accessing Members.- 8.4 Assigning Objects.- 8.5 Functions and Classes.- 8.6 Data Hiding.- 8.7 Returning an Object.- 8.8 Reference Arguments.- 8.9 Pointers to Members.- 8.10 Pointer-to-Member Operators.- 8.11 Scope and Data Protection.- 8.12 Static Members.- 8.12.1 Static Data Members.- 8.12.2 Static Member Functions.- 8.13 Constructor Functions.- 8.14 Accessing const Class Objects.- 8.15 Friend Functions.- 8.16 Program Structure and Style.- 8.16.1 Separate Compilation.- 8.16.2 Header Files.- 8.17 Using Classes.- 8.18 Summary.- 8.19 Exercises.- 9 Operator Overloading.- 9.1 Introducing Overloaded Operators.- 9.1.1 Overloading the Assignment Operator.- 9.1.2 The this Pointer.- 9.1.3 Overloading the Addition Operator.- 9.1.4 Overloading the Unary Minus Operator.- 9.2 User-defined Conversions.- 9.2.1 Conversion by Constructors.- 9.2.2 Conversion Functions.- 9.2.3 Implicit Conversions.- 9.3 Operator Function Calls.- 9.3.1 Binary Operators.- 9.3.2 Prefix Unary Operators.- 9.3.3 Postfix Unary Operators.- 9.4 Some Special Binary Operators.- 9.4.1 Overloading the Subscripting Operator.- 9.4.2 Overloading the Function Call Operator.- 9.5 Defining Overloaded Operators.- 9.6 Using Overloaded Operators.- 9.6.1 Complex Arithmetic.- 9.6.2 Strings.- 9.7 Summary.- 9.8 Exercises.- 10 Constructors and Destructors.- 10.1 More on Constructor Functions.- 10.1.1 Dynamic Memory Management.- 10.1.2 Assignment and Initialization.- 10.1.3 Member Objects with Constructors.- 10.2 Destructor Functions.- 10.3 Using Constructors and Destructors.- 10.3.1 Singly Linked Lists.- 10.3.2 Doubly Linked Lists.- 10.4 Summary.- 10.5 Exercises.- 11 Bitwise Operations.- 11.1 Bitwise Operators.- 11.1.1 Bitwise Complement.- 11.1.2 Bitwise AND.- 11.1.3 Bitwise Exclusive OR.- 11.1.4 Bitwise Inclusive OR.- 11.1.5 Shift Operators.- 11.1.6 Bitwise Assignment Operators.- 11.2 Bit-fields.- 11.3 Unions.- 11.4 Using Bitwise Operators.- 11.4.1 A Bit Array Class.- 11.4.2 The Sieve of Eratosthenes.- 11.4.3 Bit Representation of Integral Types.- 11.4.4 Bit Representation of Floating Point Types.- 11.5 Summary.- 11.6 Exercises.- 12 Single Inheritance.- 12.1 Derived Classes.- 12.2 virtual Functions.- 12.3 Abstract Classes.- 12.4 Class Hierarchies.- 12.5 Constructors and Destructors.- 12.6 Member Access and Inheritance.- 12.6.1 Access Specifiers.- 12.6.2 Friendship and Derivation.- 12.7 Using Single Inheritance.- 12.7.1 A Bounds Checked Array Class.- 12.7.2 A Menu Class.- 12.8 Summary.- 12.9 Exercises.- 13 Multiple Inheritance.- 13.1 Derived Classes.- 13.2 Virtual Base Classes.- 13.3 Constructors and Destructors.- 13.4 Member Access Ambiguities.- 13.5 Using Multiple Inheritance.- 13.6 Summary.- 13.7 Exercises.- 14 Namespaces.- 14.1 Name Clashes.- 14.2 Creating a Namespace.- 14.3 Accessing Namespace Members.- 14.4 More on Creating Namespaces.- 14.5 Namespace Aliases.- 14.6 The using Directive.- 14.7 The using Declaration.- 14.8 The Standard Library.- 14.9 Unnamed Namespaces.- 14.10 Using Namespaces.- 14.11 Summary.- 14.12 Exercises.- 15 Exception Handling.- 15.1 Errors.- 15.2 Introducing throw, try and catch.- 15.3 Throwing a Fundamental Type.- 15.4 Extracting Information from a catch.- 15.5 Catching Everything.- 15.6 Derived Error Classes.- 15.7 Exception Specifications.- 15.8 Uncaught Exceptions.- 15.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation.- 15.10 Using Exception Handling.- 15.11 Summary.- 15.12 Exercises.- 16 Templates.- 16.1 Function Templates.- 16.2 Class Templates.- 16.3 Static Members.- 16.4 Class Templates and Functions.- 16.5 Function Template Arguments.- 16.6 Template Parameters.- 16.7 Templates and Friends.- 16.8 Specialized Templates.- 16.9 Member Function Specialization.- 16.10 Program Structure.- 16.11 Using Templates.- 16.12 Summary.- 16.13 Exercises.- 17 Standard Library.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Library Categories.- 17.2.1 Language Support.- 17.2.2 Diagnostics.- 17.2.3 General Utilities.- 17.2.4 Strings.- 17.2.5 Localization.- 17.2.6 Containers.- 17.2.7 Iterators.- 17.2.8 Algorithms.- 17.2.9 Numerics.- 17.3 Using the Standard Library.- 17.3.1 Complex Arithmetic.- 17.3.2 Boolean Arrays.- 17.4 Summary.- 17.5 Exercises.- 18 Input and Output.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Input and Output Classes.- 18.3 Output.- 18.3.1 Unformatted Output.- 18.4 Input.- 18.4.1 Unformatted Input.- 18.5 Flags, Manipulators and Formatting.- 18.6 File Input and Output.- 18.7 Assigning Streams.- 18.8 Stream Condition.- 18.9 User-defined Types.- 18.10 Using Input and Output.- 18.11 Summary.- 18.12 Exercises.- Appendix—A The ASCII Character Codes.- Appendix—B Operators.- Appendix—C Differences between C and C++.