American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE),
. AIChE
AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure – Trayed and Packed Columns, A Guide to Performance Evaluation, Third Edition
A Guide to Performance Evaluation
Paperback Engels 2014 3e druk 9781118627716
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen
Samenvatting
This new edition of a trusted guide combines and updates the best available field knowledge on both trayed and packed distillation columns. In one complete, user–friendly volume, it presents a compilation of techniques rather than a single set of compulsory steps, allowing readers to select the procedure that best suits their needs. With its engineer–tested procedures and detailed explanations, the third edition provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with first–class advice on assessing and measuring performance for a variety of distillation column types in multiple applications.
Specificaties
ISBN13:9781118627716
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:152
Uitgever:John Wiley & Sons
Druk:3
Lezersrecensies
Wees de eerste die een lezersrecensie schrijft!
Inhoudsopgave
<p>100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1</p>
<p>101.0 Purpose 1</p>
<p>102.0 Scope 1</p>
<p>200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2</p>
<p>201.0 Flow Quantities 2</p>
<p>202.0 Key Components 3</p>
<p>203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.1 Theoretical Trays or Plates or Stages 4</p>
<p>203.2 Overall Column Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.3 Apparent Murphree Tray Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.4 Ideal Murphree Tray Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.5 Murphree Point Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.6 HETP 4</p>
<p>203.7 HTU 4</p>
<p>203.8 NTU 4</p>
<p>204.0 Operating Lines 5</p>
<p>205.0 Pinch 5</p>
<p>206.0 Maximum Throughput 5</p>
<p>206.1 Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 5</p>
<p>206.2 Maximum Operational Capacity 5</p>
<p>206.3 Maximum Efficient Capacity 5</p>
<p>207.0 Minimum Operating Rate 5</p>
<p>208.0 Operating Section 5</p>
<p>209.0 Hardware 6</p>
<p>209.1 Components of a Trayed Column 6</p>
<p>209.2 Components of a Packed Column 7</p>
<p>300.0 TEST PLANNING 9</p>
<p>301.0 Preliminary Preparation 9</p>
<p>301.1 Safety 10</p>
<p>301.2 Environmental Considerations 10</p>
<p>301.3 Test Objectives 10</p>
<p>301.4 Organizational Resources 10</p>
<p>301.5 Schedule 10</p>
<p>301.6 Review of Historic Operating Data 10</p>
<p>302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation 11</p>
<p>303.0 Peripheral Equipment 11</p>
<p>304.0 Pre–test Calculations 11</p>
<p>304.1 Process Simulation 11</p>
<p>304.2 Dry Run 11</p>
<p>305.0 Types of Tests 12</p>
<p>305.1 Performance Tests 12</p>
<p>305.2 Acceptance Tests 12</p>
<p>306.0 Specific Areas of Interest 12</p>
<p>306.1 Packing Efficiencies 12</p>
<p>306.2 Tray Efficiencies 12</p>
<p>306.3 Overall Column Efficiency 13</p>
<p>306.4 Capacity Limitations 13</p>
<p>307.0 Energy Consumption 14</p>
<p>308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions 15</p>
<p>309.0 Data Collection Requirements 15</p>
<p>309.1 Process Operating Data 15</p>
<p>309.2 Gamma Scan Data 15</p>
<p>310.0 Conditions of External Streams 18</p>
<p>310.1 Overall and Component Material Balances 18</p>
<p>310.2 Overall Enthalpy Balances 18</p>
<p>311.0 Internal Temperatures 18</p>
<p>311.1 Heat Balances 18</p>
<p>311.2 Internal Profiles 18</p>
<p>312.0 Internal Samples 20</p>
<p>312.1 Internal Samples for Efficiency Checks 20</p>
<p>312.2 Internal Samples for Overall Performance 20</p>
<p>313.0 Pressure Profiles 20</p>
<p>314.0 Data Requirements–Physical Properties 20</p>
<p>314.1 Test Mixtures 20</p>
<p>314.2 Essential Data 21</p>
<p>315.0 Auxiliary Data 21</p>
<p>316.0 Test Procedure Documentation 21</p>
<p>400.0 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 22</p>
<p>401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability 22</p>
<p>402.0 Measurement of Temperatures 22</p>
<p>402.1 Accuracy 22</p>
<p>402.2 Errors 22</p>
<p>403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates 24</p>
<p>403.1 Orifice Meters 24</p>
<p>403.2 Rotameters 25</p>
<p>403.3 Vortex Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.4 Coriolis Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.5 Magnetic Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.6 Pitot Tube (or Annubar) 25</p>
<p>403.7 Direct Volume or Weight Measurement 26</p>
<p>404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop 26</p>
<p>404.1 Instrument 26</p>
<p>404.2 Pressure Taps 26</p>
<p>404.3 Seal Pots 33</p>
<p>404.4 Leakage Check 33</p>
<p>404.5 Accuracy 33</p>
<p>405.0 Sampling Procedure 34</p>
<p>405.1 General 34</p>
<p>405.2 Selection of Sampling Points 34</p>
<p>405.3 Sample Connections 35</p>
<p>405.4 Containers 35</p>
<p>405.5 Sampling of High Boiling Materials 36</p>
<p>405.6 Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials 37</p>
<p>405.7 Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below –50°F (–46°C) 40</p>
<p>405.8 Leakage Check 41</p>
<p>405.9 Labeling and Handling the Samples 41</p>
<p>500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 43</p>
<p>501.0 Preliminary 43</p>
<p>502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 43</p>
<p>502.1 Flood Symptoms 44</p>
<p>502.2 Performing Capacity Tests 45</p>
<p>502.3 Optional Test Technique Gamma Scanning 48</p>
<p>503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure 48</p>
<p>503.1 Rigorous Versus Shortcut Efficiency Tests 48</p>
<p>503.2 Strategy of Efficiency Testing 49</p>
<p>503.3 Early Preparation for Efficiency Tests 50</p>
<p>503.4 Last–minute Preparations for Efficiency Tests 53</p>
<p>503.5 Establishment of Steady State Conditions 55</p>
<p>503.6 The Test Day 56</p>
<p>503.7 Concluding Test 56</p>
<p>600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS</p>
<p>601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models 58</p>
<p>602.0 Material Balance 59</p>
<p>602.1 End Effects 59</p>
<p>603.0 Enthalpy Balance 59</p>
<p>603.1 Overall Balance 59</p>
<p>603.2 Internal Flow Rates 60</p>
<p>604.0 Hydraulic Performance 60</p>
<p>604.1 Trayed Column 60</p>
<p>604.2 Packed Column 61</p>
<p>605.0 Efficiency Performance 61</p>
<p>605.1 Trayed Column 62</p>
<p>605.2 Packed Column 69</p>
<p>700.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 76</p>
<p>701.0 Sources of Experimental Error 76</p>
<p>701.1 Material and Enthalpy Balances 77</p>
<p>702.0 Effects of Experimental Error 78</p>
<p>703.0 Design versus Performance 78</p>
<p>703.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 78</p>
<p>703.2 Process Conditions 78</p>
<p>704.0 Hydraulic Performance 79</p>
<p>704.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 79</p>
<p>704.2 Tray 79</p>
<p>704.3 Packing 80</p>
<p>704.4 Process Conditions 80</p>
<p>705.0 Mass Transfer Performance 81</p>
<p>705.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 81</p>
<p>705.2 Tray 81</p>
<p>705.3 Packing 82</p>
<p>705.4 Maldistribution 82</p>
<p>705.5 Process 84</p>
<p>706.0 Test Troubleshooting 85</p>
<p>706.1 Analysis Procedure 85</p>
<p>706.2 Sampling 85</p>
<p>706.3 Equilibrium Data 85</p>
<p>706.4 Temperature Measurements 85</p>
<p>706.5 Heat and Material Balances 86</p>
<p>706.6 Fluctuation of Process Conditions 86</p>
<p>706.7 Pressure Drop Measurements 86</p>
<p>706.8 Incorrect Prediction of Pressure Drop 86</p>
<p>706.9 Errors in Assumptions in Modeling Mass Transfer 86</p>
<p>706.10 Multicomponent Systems Deviate from Binary Data 87</p>
<p>706.11 High Purity Separation 87</p>
<p>706.12 Test and Design Conditions 87</p>
<p>800.0 APPENDIX 88</p>
<p>801.0 Notation 88</p>
<p>801.1 Greek Symbols 90</p>
<p>802.0 Sample Calculations 90</p>
<p>802.1 General Analysis of Test Data 90</p>
<p>802.2 Packed Column 91</p>
<p>802.3 Trayed Column 107</p>
<p>803.0 References 126</p>
<p>101.0 Purpose 1</p>
<p>102.0 Scope 1</p>
<p>200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2</p>
<p>201.0 Flow Quantities 2</p>
<p>202.0 Key Components 3</p>
<p>203.0 Mass Transfer Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.1 Theoretical Trays or Plates or Stages 4</p>
<p>203.2 Overall Column Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.3 Apparent Murphree Tray Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.4 Ideal Murphree Tray Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.5 Murphree Point Efficiency 4</p>
<p>203.6 HETP 4</p>
<p>203.7 HTU 4</p>
<p>203.8 NTU 4</p>
<p>204.0 Operating Lines 5</p>
<p>205.0 Pinch 5</p>
<p>206.0 Maximum Throughput 5</p>
<p>206.1 Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 5</p>
<p>206.2 Maximum Operational Capacity 5</p>
<p>206.3 Maximum Efficient Capacity 5</p>
<p>207.0 Minimum Operating Rate 5</p>
<p>208.0 Operating Section 5</p>
<p>209.0 Hardware 6</p>
<p>209.1 Components of a Trayed Column 6</p>
<p>209.2 Components of a Packed Column 7</p>
<p>300.0 TEST PLANNING 9</p>
<p>301.0 Preliminary Preparation 9</p>
<p>301.1 Safety 10</p>
<p>301.2 Environmental Considerations 10</p>
<p>301.3 Test Objectives 10</p>
<p>301.4 Organizational Resources 10</p>
<p>301.5 Schedule 10</p>
<p>301.6 Review of Historic Operating Data 10</p>
<p>302.0 Column Control and Instrumentation 11</p>
<p>303.0 Peripheral Equipment 11</p>
<p>304.0 Pre–test Calculations 11</p>
<p>304.1 Process Simulation 11</p>
<p>304.2 Dry Run 11</p>
<p>305.0 Types of Tests 12</p>
<p>305.1 Performance Tests 12</p>
<p>305.2 Acceptance Tests 12</p>
<p>306.0 Specific Areas of Interest 12</p>
<p>306.1 Packing Efficiencies 12</p>
<p>306.2 Tray Efficiencies 12</p>
<p>306.3 Overall Column Efficiency 13</p>
<p>306.4 Capacity Limitations 13</p>
<p>307.0 Energy Consumption 14</p>
<p>308.0 Pressure Drop Restrictions 15</p>
<p>309.0 Data Collection Requirements 15</p>
<p>309.1 Process Operating Data 15</p>
<p>309.2 Gamma Scan Data 15</p>
<p>310.0 Conditions of External Streams 18</p>
<p>310.1 Overall and Component Material Balances 18</p>
<p>310.2 Overall Enthalpy Balances 18</p>
<p>311.0 Internal Temperatures 18</p>
<p>311.1 Heat Balances 18</p>
<p>311.2 Internal Profiles 18</p>
<p>312.0 Internal Samples 20</p>
<p>312.1 Internal Samples for Efficiency Checks 20</p>
<p>312.2 Internal Samples for Overall Performance 20</p>
<p>313.0 Pressure Profiles 20</p>
<p>314.0 Data Requirements–Physical Properties 20</p>
<p>314.1 Test Mixtures 20</p>
<p>314.2 Essential Data 21</p>
<p>315.0 Auxiliary Data 21</p>
<p>316.0 Test Procedure Documentation 21</p>
<p>400.0 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING 22</p>
<p>401.0 System Controls and Operating Stability 22</p>
<p>402.0 Measurement of Temperatures 22</p>
<p>402.1 Accuracy 22</p>
<p>402.2 Errors 22</p>
<p>403.0 Measurement of Flow Rates 24</p>
<p>403.1 Orifice Meters 24</p>
<p>403.2 Rotameters 25</p>
<p>403.3 Vortex Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.4 Coriolis Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.5 Magnetic Flow Meters 25</p>
<p>403.6 Pitot Tube (or Annubar) 25</p>
<p>403.7 Direct Volume or Weight Measurement 26</p>
<p>404.0 Measurement of Column Pressure Drop 26</p>
<p>404.1 Instrument 26</p>
<p>404.2 Pressure Taps 26</p>
<p>404.3 Seal Pots 33</p>
<p>404.4 Leakage Check 33</p>
<p>404.5 Accuracy 33</p>
<p>405.0 Sampling Procedure 34</p>
<p>405.1 General 34</p>
<p>405.2 Selection of Sampling Points 34</p>
<p>405.3 Sample Connections 35</p>
<p>405.4 Containers 35</p>
<p>405.5 Sampling of High Boiling Materials 36</p>
<p>405.6 Sampling of Intermediate Boiling Materials 37</p>
<p>405.7 Sampling of Materials Having Boiling Points Below –50°F (–46°C) 40</p>
<p>405.8 Leakage Check 41</p>
<p>405.9 Labeling and Handling the Samples 41</p>
<p>500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 43</p>
<p>501.0 Preliminary 43</p>
<p>502.0 Test Procedure for Maximum Hydraulic Throughput 43</p>
<p>502.1 Flood Symptoms 44</p>
<p>502.2 Performing Capacity Tests 45</p>
<p>502.3 Optional Test Technique Gamma Scanning 48</p>
<p>503.0 Considerations Affecting Efficiency Test Procedure 48</p>
<p>503.1 Rigorous Versus Shortcut Efficiency Tests 48</p>
<p>503.2 Strategy of Efficiency Testing 49</p>
<p>503.3 Early Preparation for Efficiency Tests 50</p>
<p>503.4 Last–minute Preparations for Efficiency Tests 53</p>
<p>503.5 Establishment of Steady State Conditions 55</p>
<p>503.6 The Test Day 56</p>
<p>503.7 Concluding Test 56</p>
<p>600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS</p>
<p>601.0 Verification of Test Data and Simulation Models 58</p>
<p>602.0 Material Balance 59</p>
<p>602.1 End Effects 59</p>
<p>603.0 Enthalpy Balance 59</p>
<p>603.1 Overall Balance 59</p>
<p>603.2 Internal Flow Rates 60</p>
<p>604.0 Hydraulic Performance 60</p>
<p>604.1 Trayed Column 60</p>
<p>604.2 Packed Column 61</p>
<p>605.0 Efficiency Performance 61</p>
<p>605.1 Trayed Column 62</p>
<p>605.2 Packed Column 69</p>
<p>700.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 76</p>
<p>701.0 Sources of Experimental Error 76</p>
<p>701.1 Material and Enthalpy Balances 77</p>
<p>702.0 Effects of Experimental Error 78</p>
<p>703.0 Design versus Performance 78</p>
<p>703.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 78</p>
<p>703.2 Process Conditions 78</p>
<p>704.0 Hydraulic Performance 79</p>
<p>704.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 79</p>
<p>704.2 Tray 79</p>
<p>704.3 Packing 80</p>
<p>704.4 Process Conditions 80</p>
<p>705.0 Mass Transfer Performance 81</p>
<p>705.1 Mechanical/Tower Equipment 81</p>
<p>705.2 Tray 81</p>
<p>705.3 Packing 82</p>
<p>705.4 Maldistribution 82</p>
<p>705.5 Process 84</p>
<p>706.0 Test Troubleshooting 85</p>
<p>706.1 Analysis Procedure 85</p>
<p>706.2 Sampling 85</p>
<p>706.3 Equilibrium Data 85</p>
<p>706.4 Temperature Measurements 85</p>
<p>706.5 Heat and Material Balances 86</p>
<p>706.6 Fluctuation of Process Conditions 86</p>
<p>706.7 Pressure Drop Measurements 86</p>
<p>706.8 Incorrect Prediction of Pressure Drop 86</p>
<p>706.9 Errors in Assumptions in Modeling Mass Transfer 86</p>
<p>706.10 Multicomponent Systems Deviate from Binary Data 87</p>
<p>706.11 High Purity Separation 87</p>
<p>706.12 Test and Design Conditions 87</p>
<p>800.0 APPENDIX 88</p>
<p>801.0 Notation 88</p>
<p>801.1 Greek Symbols 90</p>
<p>802.0 Sample Calculations 90</p>
<p>802.1 General Analysis of Test Data 90</p>
<p>802.2 Packed Column 91</p>
<p>802.3 Trayed Column 107</p>
<p>803.0 References 126</p>
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